2.
   2023
/  
 
(   )
: 3     :100
:   A, B, C  D          
 ,                 
       20  
-
1.          ,     
 
2.                
-
3.        
    ?
4.             
2.
-
5.     
6.        
-
7.         
8.       
2.
   2023
/  
 
(   )
: 3     :100
:   A, B, C  D          
 ,                 
       20  
-
1.          ,     
 
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    
      ,         ,   
            ,  ,  
      
1.   
2.
   ,    ' - 
   - ,  ,
   ,           
   , ,         
                 
 -  
        
2.     
-      
    ,  -  
               
              
     
     -             
  
             " "
( )       
3. - 
           ,    
             '    
           
          , "  
,  

,"      
         
           '  
4.      
    ,             
   ,        '      
     
           -   ,  
  -      ,      
      
󷩍󷩎󷩏󷩐󷩑󷩔󷩒󷩓    
2.
              ,  
    
1.   
        - , ,     
            , 
   ""          
  
                  
 ,    
         - 

2.   
     '    ,  (),    
          
       -        , "
 
 ,      ?"         
  '   
3.    
                ' 
    ,          
 ,    
2.
         ( )      (
) '             
 
󷬗󷬘󷬙󷬚󷬛    
              
1.    
       (1469) ,         
  ,        ,   
     
2.   
        ,    **     
(1520)           ,    
  ,         
               (
    )           ,   
 
3.      
             , 
       
 -       
           ,  ""  
 '              '  
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼           
 ,            
          

         
-       
        
2.
        
       
 ,          
,      
                
󷄧󼿒
       ,     - 
   ,              
    ,     ,     
    
         
  ,    '      

2.                
:1.    
                ,
    
   (   ,    ,     
 )          
      -      -   , 
   -    -       


1604 ,     ( )     , 
      ( )     
:         ,    
        '  
2.   ( )  
             ,    
   
  '      ,     '
  ,      
2.
        ,       
   ,        
 
:       ,   ,    
   
3.   
          
   ,     ,      '
  
  2,000         
   , ,        
- '   
:             
    
4.    
               
     ()     , 
    
   ()   ( )    ,
           
 ,       '  
:      -     
 ,       
5.   
         ,      
1606 ,          ,    
 
       
    :    
    
  ,     - (   )  
         
:        ,       
   
2.

           :
     ( ) 
    ( ) 
     
    
 ,    
  -  
   
,         
 ,             ,  
'               ,
        
-
3.        
    ?
:
      
     
 
     ,  
    
         ,         '
       
         
           ' -    
2.
 ,              
           
        
: 
  
?
    ,      '  , ,  
  '         ,  
          ,      ,
       
  ,  ,              
                ,
      
     - 

       '       
    
        
                  

  

:   
    -   
    
  (, ,  ) 
 
    (, , ) 
 
   ,       :
 ( )   
 ( )   
   
 -           
    :   '       

   
2.
          
,   '     
      
1.    
     
         ,      
 
,             
        
2.      
        :



 
           
  -  -
    
3.    
   ,    '           
 ,      :
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '  
             
       
  ,     
     
1.      
   ,             
 
         
2.       
         
    
            
3.  "-"   
               :
  
  
  
          
4.       
          ,     -
               
   
   
 ,        
 :
    
2.
   
   
    
      
            , 
         

    -  
           
   ,             
 
          -     
  
   ,     ,        ,
        -    
   -   ,         

4.             
:
    (1621–1675)         ,
                 
  ,      ,   
     
       
1.     
o         ,    
      
o     ,   '      

2.    
2.
o   ( )           
              
   
o               
     
3.    
o     -      ,     
          
o          
,   
        
4.   
o         ,       
            
o     ,        
   
5.    (1675)
o            '    
         
o             
  
       
1.     
o    "     "  
 
o        
,      
        
2.    
o          

o            ,  
   '  
 
3.      
o      ,    ,      
 
o        1699      ,  
     -    
4.    
o         
 -   
  
o  
        ,   
    
5.     
2.
o               
  
o             
   

               
               
 -     
  -   ,   
,     
-
5.     
:     
  ,      ,   ,    
             ,      
 ,           '  ,  
 
 
     ,           
         ,    , 
                
      
    ,      
 
 ,            
       
2.
    
           ( ) 
  , , , ,       ,  
             '     
   
                
         ,   -  
     ,   
  
    
  
 ,  ,    
       
 -           
   
   
          
 ,      
,      
 
  
     
2.
        ( )     
                 
  :
   
    
   
  
  -            
  

, ,       
    ,           ,
         ,    ,
           
     
 
    
            :
 
  
 
  
 (   )         
 ,         
   ',     ,    
             , ,
     
   ,      
 
 
   
               
    , -         
'   '       (  )   

 
  ',            
      '          
2.
    ,        ,    
   
 ,          
      
         ,     
        ,    ,      
           

    
  -         
  -           
'    
 ,            
 

  ,         :
     
 
  
  ()  
    
   
      
  
,  , ,        

     
,            
    
6.        
:  ?
""     ,    " "     
                 

      -     ,   

         
,      
2.
 
1.      
o        ( ),     (
),     ( ) '  
o           ,   


2.       
o     ( )           
  
o        ( )    
 ()     
3.         
o     ( )        
     ( )   
o            
 
    
      -   ,   ,   
   
       :
o  ( ) 
o     -
o ,        
o ,        
:           ,   
         
  
1.  
     
 
   
       ,     
2.  
 
          
  
             
3.   
2.
  ( )    
 
         ,       
4.    
  ',             
 
,        ,     
 
5.    
        ,       
        
        
 
 ,              
   
       -   ,
,     -     
     
;    ,         
 ,   -         
     

                 
      ,        
    :
   - 
   
    
      
2.
-
7.         
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   
       (1816–1885)   ,    ()   
        1849        
                 
    
     () '   '   ,
        () 
   
  ,     :  ,    

󷄧󷄫    
2.
         ,       
       -     
  '       
  
  ()   
      
                ,
     : ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,              
󷄧󷄬    
19
         :
 
  
 
 
   
             :
   
    
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,           
󷄧󷄭    
1849                
 ,          
      :
   
    
2.
  
   (   )
              :
   
        
-  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,     -   
󷄧󷄮    
    ,      
   
    :
   
  
 
  
       
   
             
󷄧󷄫       
        :
 
  
  
  
 
        ,       
   
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       
󷄧󷄬   
        :
-     
     
 -  
  
       ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     
󷄧󷄭    
   '  ,       
                
                 
 '    (1871-72)
    : 1872           
  ,      ()    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
󷄧󷄮      

          :
  
  
             
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
2.
󷄰󷄯    
      :

 
   
  
 ,           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      

       
       
              , 
               
,     ,         
   
    :     ,  ,  ,
         ,       
              
   
8.       
:
19
    20
   ,      ( )
  (   )        
   ,         ,  
     ,      ,   
            
  ,         ,     

  
2.
1920 ,            
(SGPC)        
      :      
         
   ,  ,     
  
   
1.    (1921)
o        ',       
  
o         '  ,    
o           
 
2.   (1921)
o            
   
o    ,       ,   
   -   
3. --  (1922)
o          '    
o      ,     
4.   (1923–1925)
o         ,      
      
o           
  
:   , 1925
         , 1925   

      '         
,     (SGPC)  
    ,         
      -    
    
1.  
o        
o ,  (),    ()    
 
2.  
2.
o          
o      
3.  
o     
 -       
  
o         
4.  
o        ,    
 
o       
 ,     
  
5.  
o   
          

o            

              - 
         ,    
     '    ,    
             
   
"              
 
       ,       
 "